Чем люди пользовались до появления туалетной бумаги?

What Did People Use Before Toilet Paper? Toilet paper is the newest answer to one of humanity's oldest problems. For almost all of the last 300,000 years, people managed without it, and what they used instead is stranger and smarter than you'd guess. In this episode of BEFORE NOW, we travel from a Stone Age riverbank to ancient Athens, where people may have wiped with their enemies' names. We visit a Roman toilet with no walls and one famous sponge that might not be what we think. We dig up 2,000-year-old sticks on the Silk Road that still carry the eggs of a traveller's parasites. Then we follow paper from a Chinese emperor's perfumed sheets to an American product almost nobody wanted. And the ending may make you question whether paper was ever the clean choice. BEFORE NOW: the world before the world we know. ━━━━━━━━━━ TIMESTAMPS 0:00 The empty roll 1:15 The riverbank: what we can't know 2:39 Ancient Greece: stones and broken pots 4:50 Rome's shared sponge on a stick 6:40 The twist: was it a toilet brush? 7:33 Rome's hidden worms 8:18 The sticks in the Silk Road desert 10:42 Water and written rules 11:32 China invents toilet paper 13:16 Moss, satire and pages of Horace 15:03 1857: the product nobody wanted 15:37 Corn cobs, catalogues and almanacs 16:59 The roll and "splinter-free" paper 17:45 1973 and 2020: panic buying 18:24 So what did people use? ━━━━━━━━━━ RESEARCH & SOURCES Greek stones and pottery (pessoi), the painted cup and the ostraka idea Charlier et al., "Toilet hygiene in the classical era," BMJ (2012) https://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e... Roman sponge stick (xylospongium): the Ostia inscription, the Terentianus letter and the toilet-brush debate (Wiplinger 2012) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylospo... Seneca, Letter 70: the German captive and the sponge stick (published English translation) https://ethicsofsuicide.lib.utah.edu/... Romans still carried roundworm, whipworm and fish tapeworm despite their toilets and baths: Piers Mitchell, Parasitology (2016), University of Cambridge summary https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/r... Xuanquanzhi hygiene sticks and the Chinese liver fluke: Yeh & Mitchell, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (2016), University of Cambridge summary https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/a... Istinja rules: water, at least three stones, no right hand, no dung or bone (Sahih Muslim 262) https://en.tohed.com/hadith/muslim/262/ Imperial paper production in 1393: Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. 5, Part 1 (book, Cambridge University Press) Rabelais, Gargantua, Book 1, Chapter 13: the satire about what to wipe with (Project Gutenberg) https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/8166 Lord Chesterfield's letter to his son, 15 December 1747: pages of Horace "sent down as a sacrifice to Cloacina" (Project Gutenberg) https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/... A surviving packet of Gayetty's Medicated Paper, with watermarked sheets and aloe (Aberdeenshire Museums Service) https://aberdeen.adlibhosting.com/AIS... Why the Farmers' Almanac has a hole: outhouses and pre-punched holes from 1919 (Farmers' Almanac) https://www.farmersalmanac.com/the-hole How Johnny Carson's 1973 joke emptied the shelves (Mental Floss) https://www.mentalfloss.com/entertain... ━━━━━━━━━━ PEOPLE & PLACES MENTIONED Athens: pottery pieces found here had their edges deliberately smoothed. Ostia: Rome's port, where a bathhouse painting gives the first known mention of the sponge stick. Seneca: Roman philosopher who recorded the German captive's story. Gilbert Wiplinger: Austrian archaeologist who argues the sponge was a toilet brush. Piers Mitchell: Cambridge parasite researcher behind the Roman and Silk Road studies. Xuanquanzhi: Han dynasty Silk Road relay station near Dunhuang, China (c. 111 BC to AD 109). Yan Zhitui: 6th-century Chinese scholar with the earliest known mention of toilet paper. Whithorn and York: early medieval and Viking Age sites in Britain where latrine moss was found. François Rabelais: 1530s French satirist, creator of the giant Gargantua. Lord Chesterfield: 18th-century British statesman famous for letters to his son. Joseph Gayetty: sold the first commercial toilet paper in New York, 1857. Seth Wheeler: patented perforated paper on a roll. Johnny Carson: TV host whose December 1973 joke set off panic buying. ━━━━━━━━━━ CREDITS [ADD YOUR CREDITS HERE IF ANY: animation, voice, music. Otherwise delete this section.] Which one would you have refused to use? Tell me in the comments. #history #toiletpaper #ancienthistory #documentary #BeforeNow