Hosni Mubarak: The Rise and Fall of Egypt's Dictator

This was Hosni Mubarak, the autocratic ruler of Egypt whose three decades in power came to an abrupt, bloody climax in 2011 after a popular revolt swept across the Arab world. Mubarak's ascent was atypical. Unlike Iraq's Sadam Hussein or Libya's Muammar Gaddafi, Mubarak did not partake in a military coup or otherwise gamble life and limb in order to attain power. Instead, he was simply Egypt's second-highest ranking government employee whose last promotion came because of a vacancy at the top. ************************************************************************ Sources: EGYPT AND THE GULF CRISIS: THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP UNDER MUBARAK Author(s): Mahmud A. Faksh The Defeated Pharaoh: The Fall of Hosni Mubarak Mary Rofaeil State of Africa Since Independence, Martin Meredith, 2011 https://www.britannica.com/biography/... https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.theg... https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.alja... https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/h... https://thearabweekly.com/looking-bac... https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.bbc.... https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.insi... https://www.globalsecurity.org/milita... https://www.newsweek.com/hosni-mubara... Will history deliver justice to Hosni Mubarak?: https://www.google.com/amp/s/gulfnews... https://www.cfr.org/article/whole-wor... https://www.madamasr.com/en/2020/02/2... https://www.newframe.com/judging-muba... https://www.britannica.com/place/Egyp... https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/st... https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/... https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/new... https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle... https://mg.co.za/article/2020-02-25-h... ************************************************************************** Music: Heartbreaking Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b... Desert City by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-... Artist: http://incompetech.com/ John Stockton Slow Drag by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/uvp/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ African Drums (Sting) by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org/ Meditation Impromptu 03 by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-... Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Enter the Maze by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-... Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Drums of the Deep by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-... Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Desert City by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-... Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Silence by Kai Engel is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial License #egypt #mubarak