TOPICAL BIOLOGY BANK 2026

A: CELL STRUCTURE and MICROSCOPY Items 1-7 Light microscope low resolution 200nm live color cheap cannot see ribosome 20nm. Electron high resolution short wavelength dead black white expensive. Plant equals wall large vacuole chloroplasts. Animal equals no wall centrioles mitochondria. Bacteria equals murein 70S plasmid no true nucleus. Archaea equals ether lipids no peptidoglycan methane extreme. Beetroot leak high temp or ethanol disrupts fluid mosaic phospholipids fluid proteins denature. Cancer targeting via unique glycoproteins glycolipids markers. Lipid soluble drugs diffuse bilayer water soluble need carriers. Liver membrane bilayer barrier proteins transport receptors enzymes cholesterol regulates fluidity. B: HISTOLOGY Items 8-14 Parenchyma thin storage diffusion. Collenchyma cellulose corners support. Sclerenchyma lignified dead strength. Xylem long empty lignified continuous flow. Phloem cytoplasm no nucleus sieve plate. Epithelia kidney cuboidal microvilli reabsorption trachea ciliated plus goblet mucus sweep vessels alveoli squamous thin diffusion intestine columnar microvilli absorption bladder transitional stretch skin stratified keratinized protection. Damage burns dehydration infection ulcer acid attack fumes cilia loss infection. Bone rigid cartilage smooth shock absorber ligaments bone to bone tendon muscle to bone. Cartilage avascular slow healing bone vascular fast. Diseased irregular fibrosis inflammation fat equals fatty liver scar equals infarction ruptured alveoli equals emphysema blunt villi equals low absorption. C: CHEMICALS and ENZYMES Items 15-20 Triglyceride glycerol plus 3 fatty acids ester bonds 3 water out high H low O energy rich metabolic water insoluble insulation. Water roles solvent heat stable cooling turgor surface tension. Proteins fibrous insoluble stable structural globular soluble metabolic. Functions transport structural defense signaling enzymatic. Enzyme temp raises kinetic collisions up to optimum then denatures. Competitive similar substrate reversible more substrate. Non competitive binds away distorts not reversible. Substrate curve plateaus saturation. Induced fit pH alters ionic charges. D: RESPIRATION HEART IMMUNITY HOMEOSTASIS Items 21-57 Chloroplast double membrane stroma dark reaction grana large SA light capture C4 Kranz. Heart left thick high pressure body right thin low pressure lungs myogenic SAN. Murmur turbulent backflow narrowing thin wall low pressure edema dyspnea athlete thick high stroke volume. Exercise CO2 chemoreceptors medulla sympathetic SAN fast. Hb 4 chains 2 alpha 2 beta haem Fe cooperative sigmoid steep small change big loading unloading. CO higher affinity blocks treat pure O2 plus CO2. CO2 5 percent dissolved 15 carbamino 80 bicarbonate chloride shift. Antibody Y 2H 2L variable constant. Vaccines toxoid killed live attenuated recombinant memory secondary rapid. Allergy IgE histamine Rh anti D within 72h. Clotting thromboplastin Ca vit K prothrombin to thrombin fibrinogen to fibrin mesh. Phagocytosis chemotaxis to digestion. Mitochondria more in active liver ATP small mobile soluble regenerable glycolysis cytoplasm fast Krebs provides NADH FADH2 chemiosmosis proton gradient ATPase cyanide blocks cytochrome oxidase lipids to acetyl CoA proteins deaminated lactate anaerobic regenerates NAD heavy breathing repays debt. Homeostasis negative feedback detector controller effector efficiency range physical alone desert burrow metabolic water long Henle dry faeces nasal condensation.