DIGITAL LITERACY

Digital literacy means the ability to use digital devices, internet and digital tools effectively and responsibly. Important areas: computer basics, internet/web tools, digital initiatives, cyber safety and ICT in education. It is particularly relevant for teachers, school leaders and administrators. Categories of 21st Century Skills The slide groups skills into three broad categories: Learning skills: Critical Thinking, Creativity, Collaboration, Communication. Literacy skills: Information Literacy, Media Literacy, Technology Literacy. Life skills: Flexibility, Leadership, Initiative, Productivity and Social Skills. These ultimately contribute to confident individuals, employable youth and innovative/inclusive societies. Digital Literacy Digital literacy involves 8 major abilities: Access and use digital technology. Find and evaluate information. Create and communicate digital content. Collaborate and participate online. Stay safe and secure. Use technology for problem-solving. Act responsibly and ethically. Continue learning through digital platforms. Digital literacy is not simply knowing how to operate a computer; it includes safe, ethical and productive use. CPU = Central Processing Unit, called the brain of the computer. Main components: ALU – performs arithmetic and logical operations. CU – controls and coordinates operations. Registers – very fast temporary storage. Cache – high-speed memory. CPU This slide repeats the CPU concept and emphasizes: CPU processes instructions. It controls other hardware components. CPU performance is influenced by clock speed, number of cores, word size, cache and architecture.Memory Components Important types of computer memory: Registers: Fastest, located inside CPU. Cache: Very fast memory near/inside CPU. RAM: Temporary working memory; volatile. ROM: Non-volatile; stores firmware/boot instructions. SRAM: Very fast and commonly used for cache. DRAM: Higher capacity and commonly used as main memory.Operating SystemInternet and WWW Internet = global network of interconnected networks. WWW (World Wide Web) = collection of web pages/resources accessed through the Internet. Important distinction: Internet = infrastructure/network WWW = information/service running on the Internet Other Internet services include: Email File transfer Video conferencing Cloud computing E-commerce Online education Streaming Internet and WWW This reinforces the Internet vs WWW distinction. Important terms: IP Address – identifies a device. Domain Name – human-readable website name. DNS – converts domain names into IP addresses. URL – address of a web resource. HTTP/HTTPS – protocols used for web communication. Browser – software used to access websites. Web server – stores/delivers web resources. Remember: DNS → Domain name to IP address IP, URL, HTTP and HTTPS Four key concepts: 1. IP Address Numerical identification of a device. IPv4 = 32-bit. IPv6 = 128-bit. 2. URL Address of a particular resource on the Internet. Contains components such as protocol, domain and path. 3. HTTP Protocol for transferring web resources. Default port: 80. Not encrypted. 4. HTTPS Secure version of HTTP. Uses encryption through SSL/TLS. Default port: 443. Slide 21 – IP, URL, HTTP and HTTPS The slide reinforces the comparison: Term Simple meaning IP Address Identifies a device URL Locates a web resource HTTP Transfers web data HTTPS Transfers web data securely Very important for exams: HTTP → Port 80 HTTPS → Port 443 Cybersecurity, Firewall and Malware Cybersecurity means protecting computers, networks, programs and data from unauthorized access, attacks or theft. The CIA Triad: Confidentiality – only authorized persons can access information. Integrity – information remains accurate/unmodified. Availability – information is available when needed. Firewall Monitors and filters incoming/outgoing network traffic. Blocks unauthorized or malicious traffic. Malware = Malicious software designed to harm, exploit or gain unauthorized access. Major types: Virus Worm Trojan Horse Ransomware Spyware Adware Rootkit Keylogger Common cyber threats: Phishing Identity theft Data breaches DoS attacks Man-in-the-Middle attacks Social engineering Botnets An Operating System (OS) is system software that acts as an interface between the user and hardware. Major functions: Process management Memory management File management Device management Security User interface Resource allocation Error handling Examples: Windows Linux macOS Android iOS