Warum Ist Der Angeblich Gefährlichste Fisch Der Welt In Wahrheit… Harmlos?

Sources Discovery of the deep scattering layer Eyring, C. F., Christensen, R. J., Raitt, R. W. (1948). Reverberation in the sea. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. (verify year and details of the 1942 test) Johnson, M. W. (1948). Sound as a tool in marine ecology, from data on biological noises and the deep scattering layer. Journal of Marine Research. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, historical accounts of the deep scattering layer and the Navy’s wartime sonar work (verify exact institutional pages) Lanternfish biology and taxonomy Nelson, J. S., Grande, T. C., Wilson, M. V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World, 5th edition. Family Myctophidae (about 250 species, about 30 genera). Catul, V., Gauns, M., Karuppasamy, P. K. (2011). A review on mesopelagic fishes belonging to family Myctophidae. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. Paxton, J. R. (1967). A distributional analysis for lanternfishes (family Myctophidae). Copeia. (verify) Gjøsæter, J., Kawaguchi, K. (1980). A review of the world resources of mesopelagic fish. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 193. Bioluminescence, counterillumination, headlight organs Haddock, S. H. D., Moline, M. A., Case, J. F. (2010). Bioluminescence in the sea. Annual Review of Marine Science. Johnsen, S. (2014). Hide and seek in the open sea: pelagic camouflage and visual countermeasures. Annual Review of Marine Science. (verify for lanternfish specifically) Herring, P. J. (2002). The Biology of the Deep Ocean. Oxford University Press. Biomass and the “most abundant vertebrate” question Irigoien, X., et al. (2014). Large mesopelagic fishes biomass and trophic efficiency in the open ocean. Nature Communications. Proud, R., Cox, M. J., Brierley, A. S. (2017). Biogeography of the global ocean’s mesopelagic zone. Current Biology. (verify) Proud, R., et al. (2019). Mesopelagic biomass estimates, later lower and wider ranges. (verify authors and journal) Cyclothone (bristlemouths) as the most numerous vertebrate genus: popular claim from reviews of mesopelagic fish. (verify primary source) Vertical migration and carbon export Hays, G. C. (2003). A review of the adaptive significance and ecosystem consequences of zooplankton diel vertical migrations. Hydrobiologia. Davison, P. C., Checkley, D. M., Koslow, J. A., Barlow, J. (2013). Carbon export mediated by mesopelagic fishes in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Progress in Oceanography. Hernández-León, S., et al. (2019). Zooplankton and micronekton active flux across the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science. (verify) Estimates of “more than ten percent” of carbon export: depends on region and study. (verify exact range) Deep-sea predators, anatomy, pressure Yancey, P. H., et al. (2014). Marine fish may be biochemically constrained from inhabiting the deepest ocean depths. PNAS. (limit of about 8,200 m) Gerringer, M. E., et al. (2023). Pseudoliparis belyaevi, the deepest fish filmed, Izu-Ogasawara Trench, 8,336 m. (verify authors and paper) Fangtooth, viperfish, anglerfish, Malacosteus niger: Herring (2002); FishBase species pages (verify body-size figures) Douglas, R. H., et al. (1998). Dragon fish see using chlorophyll. Nature. (red light in Malacosteus) (verify) Predators of lanternfish Cherel, Y., et al. on king penguin diet at Crozet and Kerguelen. (verify exact papers) Hindell, M. A., et al. on elephant seal diving and diet. (verify) Benoit-Bird, K. J., Au, W. W. L. on spinner dolphins and the mesopelagic boundary community off Hawaii. (verify) Markaida, U., Sosa-Nishizaki, O. on Humboldt squid diet in the Gulf of California. (verify) Fisheries FAO reports on mesopelagic fishing and Electrona carlsbergi fisheries near South Georgia, 1980s. (verify) CCAMLR documents on the Southern Ocean lanternfish fishery. (verify) St John, M. A., et al. (2016). A dark hole in our understanding of marine ecosystems and their services: perspectives from the mesopelagic community. Frontiers in Marine Science. Plastic and climate Davison, P., Asch, R. G. (2011). Plastic ingestion by mesopelagic fishes in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Marine Ecology Progress Series. (9.2 percent of fish with plastic) Stramma, L., et al. (2008). Expanding oxygen-minimum zones in the tropical oceans. Science. Robotic research Yoerger, D. R., et al. (2021). A hybrid underwater robot for multidisciplinary investigation of the ocean twilight zone (Mesobot). Science Robotics. Historical Thomson, C. W. and Murray, J. (1880 onward). Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. (Challenger expedition 1872–1876)