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All research and sources are listed below. RESEARCH & SOURCES ▸ Demography and Cultural Evolution: The Tasmanian Case Joseph Henrich, 2004, American Antiquity Tasmania cut off by rising seas, bone tools lost, fish gone from the record by about 3,800 years ago. ▸ The Glacial Inception as Recorded in the NorthGRIP Greenland Ice Core Landais et al., 2006, Climate Dynamics Greenland ice shows sudden warmings of 10 degrees or more during the ice age. ▸ High-Resolution Greenland Ice Core Data Show Abrupt Climate Change Happens in Few Years Steffensen et al., 2008, Science How fast Greenland's temperature jumped when the ice age ended 11,700 years ago. ▸ Global Patterns of Declining Temperature Variability from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene Rehfeld et al., 2018, Nature Temperature swings around the world became about four times smaller after the ice age. ▸ Was Agriculture Impossible during the Pleistocene but Mandatory during the Holocene? Richerson, Boyd and Bettinger, 2001, American Antiquity Low carbon dioxide and wild climate swings made farming nearly impossible before 11,700 years ago. ▸ Current Perspectives and the Future of Domestication Studies Larson et al., 2014, PNAS Farming was invented independently in many regions around the world. ▸ Jack Harlan's Wild Wheat Harvest JSTOR Daily and the National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir About 2.5 kg of wild grain per hour with a stone sickle, and a year of food in three weeks. ▸ Göbekli Tepe: The World's First Temple? Smithsonian Magazine Pillars of up to ten tons, carved animals, and bones only from wild animals. ▸ Cereal Processing at Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey Dietrich et al., 2019, PLOS ONE Thousands of grinding stones show large-scale grain processing at the site. ▸ Çatalhöyük Guidebook Çatalhöyük Research Project Rooftop entrances, and houses plastered up to 450 times. ▸ Obsidian and Early Cultural Contact in the Near East Renfrew, Dixon and Cann, 1966, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society Obsidian from central Turkey traded hundreds of kilometers south. ▸ First Surviving Personal Name: Kushim Guinness World Records The Uruk tablet recording a barley delivery for a brewery, signed Kushim. ▸ An Integrative Skeletal and Paleogenomic Analysis of Stature Variation in Early European Farmers Marciniak et al., 2022, PNAS Early farmers were about 4 cm shorter than their genes predicted. ▸ Neolithic Çatalhöyük Experienced Modern Urban Problems Sci.News, on Larsen et al., 2019, PNAS Tooth decay and infections rose as the town grew crowded. ▸ The Toaster Project Thomas Thwaites, 2011, Princeton Architectural Press Nine months to build a toaster from scratch, and it melted in about five seconds. ──────────────────── PEOPLE & SITES MENTIONED IN THIS VIDEO ▸ Jack Harlan: American plant scientist who harvested wild wheat by hand in Turkey ▸ Thomas Thwaites: London designer who built a toaster from raw rock ▸ Kushim: Uruk official whose name is the oldest we can still read ▸ Göbekli Tepe: giant carved T-pillars in southeastern Turkey, about 11,600 years old ▸ Çatalhöyük: early town in central Turkey, about 9,000 years old ▸ Uruk: one of the first cities, in what is now Iraq ▸ Tasmania: island cut off from Australia by rising seas ▸ Greenland ice cores: a year-by-year record of past climate ──────────────────── Animation by M4U TIMELINE ──────────────────── #history #humanevolution #ancienthistory #gobeklitepe #iceage #documentary #inkexplainer