Thunder Lizards: Evolution of Brontosaurus, Apatosaurus and Diplodocus

Please enjoy this video examining the evolution of Diplodocids, the famous group of Sauropods that includes iconic animals such as Brontosaurus, Apatosaurus and Diplodocus. https://www.patreon.com/c/DrPolaris?v... Thumbnail art by Fred Wierum Sources used for this video: Baron, Matthew G. (2021-10-03). "Tactile tails: a new hypothesis for the function of the elongate tails of diplodocid sauropods". Historical Biology. 33 (10): 2057–2066. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1769092. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 219762797. Curtice, Brian (2021). "New Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry Supersaurus vivianae (Jensen 1985) axial elements provide additional insight into its phylogenetic relationships and size, suggesting an animal that exceeded 39 meters in length" (PDF). p. 92. Gallagher, T; Poole, J; Schein, J (2021). "Evidence of integumentary scale diversity in the late Jurassic Sauropod Diplodocus sp. from the Mother's Day Quarry, Montana". PeerJ. 9 e11202. doi:10.7717/peerj.11202. PMC 8098675. PMID 33986987. Gallina, Pablo A.; Apesteguía, Sebastián; Carballido, José L.; Garderes, Juan P. (2022). "Southernmost spiny backs and whiplash tails: flagellicaudatans from South America". In Otero, Alejandro; Carballido, José L.; Pol, Diego (eds.). South American Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 209–236. ISBN 978-3-030-95958-6. Lovelace, David M.; Hartman, Scott A.; Wahl, William R. (2007). "Morphology of a specimen of Supersaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny". Arquivos do Museu Nacional. 65 (4): 527–544. Maidment, Suzannah C.R. (2024). "Diversity through time and space in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, western U.S.A.". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 43 (5) e2326027. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2326027. Remes, K., 2006, "Revision of the Tendaguru sauropod Tornieria africana (Fraas) and its relevance for sauropod paleobiogeography", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(3): 651–669 Sereno, PC; Wilson, JA; Witmer, LM; Whitlock, JA; Maga, A; et al. (2007). "Structural Extremes in a Cretaceous Dinosaur". PLOS ONE. 2 (11) e1230. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2.1230S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001230. PMC 2077925. PMID 18030355. Taylor, Michael P. (2014-12-23). "Quantifying the effect of intervertebral cartilage on neutral posture in the necks of sauropod dinosaurs". PeerJ. 2 e712. doi:10.7717/peerj.712. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4277489. PMID 25551027. Tschopp, E.; Mateus, O. V. (2012). "The skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (7): 853–888. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.746589. hdl:2318/1525401. Tschopp, E.; Mateus, O.; Benson, R.B.J. (2015). "A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)". PeerJ. 3 e857. doi:10.7717/peerj.857. PMC 4393826. PMID 25870766. Emanuel Tschopp; Octávio Mateus (2017). "Osteology of Galeamopus pabsti sp. nov. (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae), with implications for neurocentral closure timing, and the cervico-dorsal transition in diplodocids". PeerJ. 5 e3179. doi:10.7717/peerj.3179. PMC 5417106. PMID 28480132. Woodruff, D.C.; Curtice, B.D.; Foster, J.R. (2024). "Seis-ing up the Super-Morrison formation sauropods". Journal of Anatomy. 247 (3–4): 682–698. doi:10.1111/joa.14108. PMC 12397078. PMID 38978276. Young, Mark T.; Rayfield, Emily J.; Holliday, Casey M.; Witmer, Lawrence M.; Button, David J.; Upchurch, Paul; Barrett, Paul M. (August 2012). "Cranial biomechanics of Diplodocus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda): testing hypotheses of feeding behaviour in an extinct megaherbivore". Naturwissenschaften. 99 (8): 637–643. Bibcode:2012NW.....99..637Y. doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0944-y. ISSN 1432-1904. PMID 22790834. S2CID 15109500.