Liquid Biopsy: Current Applications and Future Direction

This comprehensive review examines the evolution and clinical potential of liquid biopsy, a non-invasive diagnostic method that analyzes biomarkers within bodily fluids. The text classifies primary biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA, intact tumor cells, and extracellular vesicles, while detailing the high-sensitivity technologies like digital PCR and next-generation sequencing used to detect them. In oncology, the authors highlight how these tools facilitate early cancer screening, the prediction of therapeutic responses, and the real-time monitoring of minimal residual disease or drug resistance. The scope extends beyond cancer to include applications in reproductive medicine, organ transplantation, and neurological disorders. Finally, the researchers address current implementation hurdles, such as the need for standardized protocols, and identify artificial intelligence as a key driver for future clinical integration.