Mood and Affective Disorders

mood (affective) disorders, focusing on the diagnosis, biological and psychological causes, and treatment of conditions like unipolar and bipolar disorders. It details diagnostic frameworks such as the ICD-11 and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), while highlighting the challenges of reliability, validity, and cultural differences in clinical assessments. Biological explanations emphasize the monoamine hypothesis regarding neurotransmitters like serotonin and noradrenaline, alongside genetic influences investigated through twin and adoption studies. Psychological perspectives discuss Beck's cognitive theory—including the negative cognitive triad and faulty thinking patterns—as well as Seligman's learned helplessness and attributional styles. Finally, the sources evaluate various interventions, ranging from biological treatments like antidepressants to psychological therapies and cognitive-behavioral techniques aimed at restructuring negative thought processes.