Effector TCells Explained How T Cells Destroy Hidden Microbes Th1, Th2, Th17, CTLs Animated Lecture

A complete animated lecture on the effector mechanisms of T cell-mediated immunity. We start with a Listeria bacterium hiding inside a macrophage, then follow the classic mouse experiments showing that T cells, not antibodies, protect against intracellular bacteria. From there we explore every CD4+ subset (Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh), how each one develops and fights a different type of microbe, M1 vs M2 macrophages, the Th1/Th2 balance in Leishmania and leprosy, how cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill infected cells with perforin and granzymes, and the clever ways microbes escape. Chapters: 0:00 A bacterium hides in a macrophage 0:47 Title 0:57 Recap: innate and adaptive immunity 1:28 From dendritic cell to effector T cell 2:21 Study goals 2:45 The Listeria experiment: serum vs T cells 4:50 Do T cells kill Listeria directly? 5:31 Would this work in humans? 5:54 What is cell-mediated immunity? 7:11 CD4+ T cell subsets: Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh 9:19 Four properties of T cell cytokines 10:37 Th1 cells activate macrophages (CD40L, IFN-gamma) 11:49 Step by step: TCR, CD40L, IFN-gamma, killing, amplification 14:00 Th1 differentiation: IL-12, STAT4, STAT1, T-bet 15:13 Th2 cells vs worms: IgE, mast cells, mucus, eosinophils, M2 17:07 Th2 differentiation: IL-25, IL-33, TSLP, STAT6, GATA3 17:55 M1 vs M2 macrophages 19:06 Th1 vs Th2 balance: Leishmania 19:59 Leprosy: tuberculoid vs lepromatous 21:17 Th17 cells: neutrophils, antimicrobial peptides, barrier 22:37 Th17 differentiation: STAT3, ROR gamma t 23:18 Cytokine summary: IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, IL-21, IL-22 24:37 CD8+ cytotoxic T cells: synapse, perforin, granzymes, apoptosis 26:34 CD4 and CD8 cooperation 27:20 How microbes escape: mycobacteria, herpesviruses, viral IL-10, decoy receptors 29:02 T cell exhaustion, PD-1 and HIV 30:03 Summary Key terms: cell-mediated immunity, effector T cells, CD4+ helper T cells, Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, IL-22, IL-21, IL-2, CD40L (CD154), classical and alternative macrophage activation, M1, M2, T-bet, GATA3, RORγt, STAT1, STAT4, STAT6, STAT3, IgE, eosinophils, mast cells, neutrophils, granuloma, tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, perforin, granzymes, apoptosis, class I MHC, TAP, proteasome, immune evasion, PD-1, T cell exhaustion, HIV. #immunology #Tcells #Th1 #Th2 #Th17 #CTL #macrophage #biology #animation #medicalanimation