Врожденная иммунная система (Toll-подобные рецепторы, Фагоцитоз и Воспаление) - Иммунология

🌐 Website: https://taimtalksmed.com/ 🫀 Help keep this content free:    / @taimtalksmed   🔬 Get 10% off anatomy lab models (affiliate link): https://anatomywarehouse.com?aff=34 📲 Other Links: Instagram:   / taimtalksmed   Discord:   / discord   This video is part 2 of Innate immunity - Cellular Factors (Toll-like Receptors, Phagocytosis and Inflammation) Content: 0:00 Introduction 0:20 Toll-Like Receptors 4:45 Phagocytosis 12:40 Immune System's Role in Inflammation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All information in my immunology videos are from: Book: Immunology, Eighth Edition by David Male, Jonathan Brostoff, David Roth and Ivan Roitt Additional research in PubMed University lecture materials -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TLR dimerization: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti... Toll Like Receptors: Location: Epithelial Cells of mucous membrane Endothelial Cells Macrophages Dendritic cells Neutrophils Membrane bound TLR: TLR 1/2 and TLR2/6: Peptidoglycan/Lipotechoic acid Lipoproteins TLR 4: Lipopolysaccharides Fungal Mannan Viral Envelope Protein TLR 5: Bacterial flagellin Intracellular receptors: TLR 3: Double Stranded RNA from virus TLR 7: Single Stranded RNA TLR 8: Double stranded RNA from virus TLR 9: Unmethylated CpG islands Toll Like Receptors trigger: 1. Release of cytokines (TNF, IL1 and IL12) 2. Chemokines (IL8) 3. Antiviral Cytokines (IFN a/b) Phagocytosis: Professional Phagocytes: Neutrophils Macrophages/Monocytes Mast Cells Dendritic Cells Steps in Phagocytosis: Step 1: Binding Non specific surface receptors (Mannose Receptor, Toll Like receptor, CD14) Indirect Opsonization (C3b) Direct Opsonization: Fc receptor to antibody Step 2: Engulfment Pseudopods around bacteria Step 3: Phagosome Formation of phagosome Step 4: Digestion Oxygen Dependent digestion (Reactive Oxygen Species) Oxygen independent digestion Lysosome (Cell wall breakdown) Enzymes (Proteolytic, Hydrolytic) Antimicrobial Peptides (Defensins) Acidic Reactions (Low pH) Lactoferrin (Neutrophils) Step 5: Antigen Presentation Present on MHC class 1 or class 2 Or release digested bacteria to Interstitial fluid. It’s then absorbed by the lymph vessels to the lymph node Active macrophage release cytokines: Interleukin 8: Chemotaxis for Leukocytes Interleukin 1: Activate T-Ly and Macrophages Interleukin 6: Activate T- and B-Ly TNF-a: Activate Endothelium Interleukin 12: Activate Natural Killer cell Interleukin 1, 6 and Tumor necrotic factor alpha: Endogenic Pyrogens (Cause Fever) Goes to Hypothalamus to release Prostaglandins E2 Interleukin 6 goes to the liver to release acute phase proteins Incomplete Phagocytosis: Phagocytes can’t breakdown bacteria Listeria: release Listeriolysin Mycobacteria tuberculosis: catalase Immune system in Inflammation: Swelling (Due to increase permeability of blood vessel) Pain (Due to diapedesis and edema pressing on pain receptors) Heat Redness