Uncertain but Useful: Leveraging CNN Training Variability into Data Augmentation

Title: Uncertain but Useful: Leveraging CNN Training Variability into Data Augmentation Authors: Inés Gonzalez Pepe, Vinuyan Sivakolunthu, Yohan Chatelain, Tristan Glatard Abstract: Deep learning (DL) has transformed neuroimaging by delivering state-of-the-art performance with reduced computation times. Yet, the numerical uncertainty inherent to DL training remains largely underexplored despite its potential to significantly impact the reliability of model outcomes. We show that training the FastSurfer whole-brain segmentation model introduces substantial numerical uncertainty that exceeds its non-DL counterpart (FreeSurfer 7.3.2) in cortical regions, potentially impacting downstream clinical results. We also characterize this training-time uncertainty using random seed perturbations and demonstrate that seed-induced variability is structurally comparable to numerical variability. We then show that seed variability can be leveraged as a data augmentation technique through ensembling to improve downstream brain age regression performance. These findings position numerical uncertainty during DL training as a substantive factor in neuroimaging reliability, with measurable consequences for downstream tasks, and demonstrate that it can simultaneously be harnessed as a data augmentation technique.