Class 12 th chapter 2 electrochemistry, different types of conductivity

Conductivity, jise hum chalakta kehte hain, kisi material ki wo capability hai jisse wo apne andar se electric current ya heat ko pass hone deta hai. Majorly conductivity do alag-alag types mein divide ki jaati hai: Electrical Conductivity aur Thermal Conductivity. ​1. Electrical Conductivity (Vidyut Chalakta) Electrical conductivity yeh batati hai ki koi substance kitni aasani se electric current ko conduct kar sakta hai. Jab kisi material par voltage apply kiya jata hai, toh usme upasthit free electrons ya ions move karne lagte hain, jisse electricity flow hoti hai. ​Electrical conductivity ke basis par materials ko teen main categories mein baata jata hai: ​Conductors (Chalak): Inme free electrons bohot zyada hote hain, jisse current bina kisi khas rukavat ke flow hota hai. Copper, Aluminium, Silver, aur Iron iske acche udaharan hain. ​Insulators (Kuchalak): In materials mein free electrons lagbhag nahi ke barabar hote hain, jiske karan ye current ko flow nahi hone dete. Example ke taur par Wood, Rubber, Glass, aur Plastic. ​Semiconductors (Ardhchalak): Inki conductivity conductors aur insulators ke beech ki hoti hai. Normal temperature par ye kam conduct karte hain, lekin temperature badhne par inki conductivity badh jaati hai. Silicon aur Germanium iske sabse common examples hain. ​2. Electrolytic Conductivity (Aynik Chalakta) Chemistry aur Electrochemistry mein, jab hum kisi solution ya liquid ki chalakta ki baat karte hain, toh use Electrolytic ya Ionic Conductivity kaha jata hai. Ye kisi electrolyte solution (jaise paani mein namak ka ghol) mein ions ke movement par depend karti hai. ​Iske kuch important variants hote hain: ​Specific Conductivity: Ye kisi solution ke ek specific volume ya unit area ki conductivity ko darshati hai. Solution jitna zyada concentrate hoga, usme ions ki sankhya utni hi zyada hogi aur uski specific conductivity bhi utni hi badhegi. ​Molar Conductivity: Ye us solution ki conducting power hoti hai jisme ek mole electrolyte ghula hua ho. Jab kisi solution mein paani mila kar use patla (dilute) kiya jata hai, toh molar conductivity badhti hai kyunki ions ko move karne ke liye zyada jagah milti hai. ​Equivalent Conductivity: Ye us solution ki conductivity hoti hai jisme ek gram equivalent weight ka electrolyte ghula hota hai. ​3. Thermal Conductivity (Ushma Chalakta) Thermal conductivity yeh batati hai ki koi material heat ya ushma ko kitni tezi se ek jagah se doosri jagah transfer kar sakta hai. Metal objects jaise Aluminium aur Copper bohot acche thermal conductors hote hain, isiliye inka use khana banane ke bartan banane mein hota hai. Dusri taraf, Wood aur Styrofoam bohot kharab thermal conductors hote hain, jisse inka use insulation ke liye kiya jata hai. ​Materials ki conductivity unke temperature, structure, aur impure elements ki matra par depend karti hai.