Malaria Epidemiology in Malayalam | Life Cycle, Vector, Determinants, Clinical Features | SPM

മലേറിയയുടെ എപ്പിഡെമിയോളജി: ഏജന്റ്, ജീവചക്രം, ഡെഫിനിറ്റീവ് & ഇന്റർമീഡിയറ്റ് ഹോസ്റ്റ്, എപ്പിഡെമിയോളജിക്കൽ ഡിറ്റർമിനന്റുകൾ, വെക്ടർ, പകരുന്ന വിധം, ഇൻക്യുബേഷൻ പീരിയഡ്, ലക്ഷണങ്ങൾ, സങ്കീർണ്ണതകൾ: മലയാളത്തിൽ ലളിതമായി. NEET PG, NExT, AIAPGET, UPSC, Kerala PSC, MD എൻട്രൻസ്, MPH പരീക്ഷകൾക്ക്. A complete, exam-oriented lecture on the epidemiology of malaria, explained in Malayalam. It covers the agent, the life cycle of Plasmodium, definitive and intermediate hosts, agent, host and environmental factors, the vectors of malaria in India, modes of transmission, incubation periods, clinical features and complications. This is one of the most frequently tested topics in Community Medicine (SPM) for NEET PG, NExT, AIAPGET, UPSC CMS, Kerala PSC and MD entrance exams. Related videos • NVBDCP / NCVBDC and Malaria Elimination: NFME, targets, IVM and indicators: [paste link] TOPICS COVERED 1. Agent • Plasmodium species: P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. knowlesi • In India: mainly P. vivax and P. falciparum; P. falciparum causes most severe disease and deaths • Hypnozoites (dormant liver forms) of P. vivax and P. ovale cause relapses 2. Life cycle of the malaria parasite • Sexual cycle (sporogony) in the female Anopheles mosquito: gametocytes, zygote, ookinete, oocyst, sporozoites • Asexual cycle (schizogony) in humans: the liver stage (exo-erythrocytic) and the red blood cell stage (erythrocytic) • Gametocytes in human blood make a person infective to mosquitoes • Extrinsic incubation period: development inside the mosquito, about 10 to 14 days depending on temperature 3. Definitive and intermediate host • Definitive host: the female Anopheles mosquito, where the sexual cycle occurs • Intermediate host: human beings, where the asexual cycle occurs 4. Epidemiological determinants Agent factors • Species, strain and drug resistance (especially P. falciparum) • Reservoir: human beings with gametocytes in their blood Host factors • Age: young children are most vulnerable in endemic areas • Pregnancy: higher risk of severe disease, anaemia and low birth weight • Immunity: acquired immunity in endemic areas; non-immune travellers are at high risk • Genetic factors: sickle cell trait, G6PD deficiency, thalassaemia and Duffy-negative blood group (protection against P. vivax) • Occupation, migration, housing, outdoor sleeping and socio-economic status Environmental factors • Temperature: about 20 to 30 °C favours parasite development • Humidity: above 60 percent increases mosquito survival • Rainfall and season: transmission peaks during and after the monsoon • Breeding sites: irrigation, construction sites, water storage and stagnant water • Altitude, forests, urbanisation and population movement 5. Vector • Only the female Anopheles mosquito transmits malaria • Important vectors in India: An. culicifacies (rural), An. stephensi (urban), An. fluviatilis (foothills), An. minimus and An. dirus/baimaii (North-East forests), An. sundaicus (coastal areas) 6. Mode of transmission • Bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito (the main route) • Blood transfusion (transfusion malaria) • Mother to baby (congenital malaria) • Shared needles and syringes 7. Incubation period • P. falciparum: about 12 days • P. vivax: about 14 days • P. ovale: about 17 days • P. malariae: about 28 days (longest) 8. Clinical features • Classical paroxysm: cold stage, hot stage and sweating stage • Periodicity: tertian (every 48 hours) for vivax, ovale and falciparum; quartan (every 72 hours) for malariae • Fever with chills, headache, body ache, nausea and vomiting • Anaemia, splenomegaly and herpes labialis 9. Complications (mainly P. falciparum) • Cerebral malaria • Severe anaemia • Acute kidney injury and blackwater fever • Pulmonary oedema and ARDS • Hypoglycaemia and metabolic acidosis • Jaundice and hepatic dysfunction • Algid malaria (shock) and DIC • Malaria in pregnancy: abortion, stillbirth and low birth weight • Tropical splenomegaly syndrome; quartan malarial nephropathy (P. malariae) WHO IS THIS FOR? MBBS, BHMS, BAMS and other AYUSH students, interns and graduates preparing for university exams, NEET PG, NExT, AIAPGET, UPSC CMS, Kerala PSC and MD entrance exams. Also useful for MPH, BPH, Social Medicine and Public Health students. ABOUT THE INSTRUCTOR Dr. Shary Krishna B.S., MD (Homoeopathy), PhD (Public Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi). UGC-NET qualified in Social Medicine & Community Health. About three years of teaching experience in medical colleges. #Malaria #MalariaEpidemiology #CommunityMedicine #NVBDCP #NEETPG #AIAPGET #SPMMalayalam #KeralaPSC