One Kilogram — How Cheap Can We Get to Orbit?

How cheap could it become to send one kilogram into orbit? From expendable rockets to reusable launchers, rotating tethers, launch loops, orbital rings, and lunar mass drivers, follow the engineering steps that could bring the cost down. Prices are expressed in 2025 US dollars. The video distinguishes published figures, design proposals, and illustrative MODEL estimates. Future systems are concepts, not operating infrastructure. The final $0.07/kg is a lunar energy-only lower bound, not a complete launch price or an Earth launch cost. English narration with English and Korean subtitles in the video. Selected references • NASA NTRS 19810017025 — historical launch costs • HASTOL — Boeing/Tethers Unlimited NIAC final report • Keith Lofstrom — The Launch Loop, AIAA 85-1368 (1985) • Paul Birch — Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob’s Ladders I–III (JBIS, 1982–83) • NASA SP-428 — Space Resources and Space Settlements (1979), lunar mass drivers • U.S. EIA — industrial electricity prices Detailed assumptions and additional references appear in the end credits. Assets and credits 3D models — CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... "Falcon 9 - SpaceX" by Stanley Creative (sketchfab.com/3d-models/falcon-9-spacex-394f7cf52d124bbd9db69f24d1ff2f08); "SpaceX Starship" by MartianDays (sketchfab.com/3d-models/spacex-starship-a8a0b69f776841a1a465cd9fb3762fd2); "SpaceX Starship Superheavy V3" by Ijsz23 (sketchfab.com/3d-models/spacex-starship-superheavy-v3-12c91924d743465aac22f29ad8ba2e45); "SATRIA-1 Satellite – Indonesia (3D Model)" by Astroregal (sketchfab.com/3d-models/satria-1-satellite-indonesia-3d-model-db633e227294400cbc5a837c015cd989); "AIRPLANE SEAT" by wiwid_thoxzz (sketchfab.com/3d-models/airplane-seat-f724c230a35c4e2fb1d98045a5ccbfea). All modified: decimated/rescaled, logos and flags removed, materials adjusted. Also: Saturn V and ISS models — NASA/Michael D. Carbajal (NASA 3D Resources); Moon — NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio (Ernie Wright, USRA; Noah Petro, NASA/GSFC); Space Shuttle Discovery scan — Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (CC0, texture markings removed with AI-assisted editing); textures/HDRI — Poly Haven (CC0). No endorsement by NASA, SpaceX or the Smithsonian is implied. Sound effects: Pixabay (JCI21, Universfield) and synthesized design. Far Future Files #Space #SpaceEngineering #LaunchLoop