Cytology and Cytophysiology of Neuroglial cells

Neuroglial cells (also called glial cells) are the supporting cells of the nervous system, distinct from neurons. They provide structural, metabolic, and protective functions, ensuring optimal neuronal activity. Their cytology describes their microscopic structure, while cytophysiology explains their functional roles. 🔬 Cytology of Neuroglial Cells Astrocytes Star-shaped cells with numerous processes. Large cytoplasm, intermediate filaments (GFAP), and end-feet that contact capillaries and neurons. Oligodendrocytes Smaller, fewer processes. Dense cytoplasm, responsible for forming myelin in the CNS. Microglia Small, elongated nuclei, few processes. Derived from mesoderm (unlike other glia). Ependymal cells Cuboidal/columnar cells lining ventricles and central canal. Possess cilia and microvilli for CSF movement. Schwann cells (PNS) Elongated cells wrapping around axons. Form myelin sheath in peripheral nerves. Satellite cells (PNS) Flattened cells surrounding neuronal cell bodies in ganglia. Provide structural and metabolic support. ⚙️ Cytophysiology of Neuroglial Cells Astrocytes: Maintain blood-brain barrier, regulate ion balance, recycle neurotransmitters, provide metabolic support. Oligodendrocytes: Produce CNS myelin, insulate axons, increase conduction velocity. Microglia: Act as CNS immune cells, phagocytose debris, release cytokines. Ependymal cells: Produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Schwann cells: Myelinate PNS axons, aid in regeneration after injury. Satellite cells: Regulate microenvironment around ganglion neurons, provide trophic support #neurons