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India operates over 100,000 brick kilns that produce up to 250 billion solid clay bricks every year, making it the second-largest brick producer in the global market. Industry Overview • Scale: The sector includes more than 100,000 small, unlicensed, or rural manufacturing units. • Season: Production typically runs during the dry months from October to June. • Employment: The labor-intensive industry employs roughly 10 million workers, many of whom migrate seasonally from rural states. • Fuel Use: Kilns consume about 25 million tons of coal annually alongside biomass residues like rice husk and firewood. More comprehensive details can be found in the Indian Brick Kilns: Industry Overview, Technologies, and Emission Control report. The Production Process • Molding: Workers manually shape wet clay into blocks using wooden or metal molds, or use basic mechanical extruders in larger setups. • Drying: Raw green bricks are laid out in open fields to dry slowly under the sun for up to 15 days. • Firing: Dried bricks are stacked inside a kiln—often a traditional rural bhatti clamp—and fired using coal or firewood at temperatures between 800°C and 1100°C. Kiln Technologies • Fixed Chimney Bull's Trench Kiln (FCBTK): A traditional, straight-line airflow design that is cheap to build but highly polluting and energy-inefficient. • Zigzag Kilns: A modern design mandated by environmental rules that channels hot air in a winding path. This configuration cuts coal consumption by 20% and lowers black carbon emissions by up to 75%. Environmental and Social Impacts • Pollution: Traditional kilns emit high levels of particulate matter and black carbon, contributing significantly to regional air pollution. • Labor Concerns: The informal nature of the work often exposes laborers to long hours, health risks from smoke, and severe debt bondage. Investigations like the Braj Brick Kilns: Environmental and Human Rights Challenges in Mathura’s Brick Industry document these ongoing social and ecological tolls.