Hemodynamics I: Reference Methods for Cardiac Output Measurement

Cardiac output is one of the most important variables in critical care, but understanding when and how it should be measured is just as important as knowing the number itself. In this first lecture of our Hemodynamics Series, we review: • Why cardiac output matters in the ICU • The major reference methods used to measure cardiac output • The principles, strengths, limitations, and clinical applications of each technique This lecture is designed for intensivists, fellows, APPs, residents, nurses, respiratory therapists, and anyone interested in hemodynamic monitoring.