E1 : NCERT CLASS 12 HISTORY THEME 1 I Bricks, Beads, and Bones: The Harappan Civilization I UPSC

Bricks, Beads, and Bones: The Harappan Civilization The provided texts offer an archaeological overview of the *Harappan civilization**, also referred to as the **Indus Valley civilization**, spanning its formative, mature, and late phases. Experts examine various **subsistence methods**, noting that inhabitants relied on cultivated grains like wheat and barley, gathered fruits, and kept domesticated animals such as cattle and sheep. The sources detail early **agricultural technologies**, including evidence of plowed fields at Kalibangan and irrigation remnants found in regions like Shortughai. Furthermore, researchers utilize **material culture**—such as terracotta objects, tools, weights, and grinding stones—to understand daily domestic life and food preparation. Finally, the documents illustrate the **urban planning* of major archaeological sites like Mohenjodaro, which were typically divided into a fortified citadel and a larger lower town. #UPI #UPIMDR #UPICharges #UPINews #DigitalIndia #DigitalPayments #UPI2026 #NPCI #MDR #MerchantDiscountRate #FinTech #FintechIndia #DigitalEconomy #IndianEconomy #Technology #TechNews #CurrentAffairs #CurrentAffairs2026 #UPSC #UPSC2027 #UPSCPrelims #UPSCMains #UPPCS #UPPCS2027 #Economy #IndianEconomy #CyberSecurity #DigitalPayment #IndiaTech #TrendingNews #ViralNews #LatestNews #NewsToday #PrathamIAS #history #ancienthistory #ncert